Downward communication is best described as which of the following?

• A. Passing messages from the bottom of the organization to the top
• B. Passing messages from the top of the organisation to those at the bottom
• C. Exchange of information between colleagues at the same level
• D. Communication with external stakeholders such as investors or regulators

Answer: (B)

Downward communication refers to messages that flow from those at the top of the organization down to employees at lower levels. This direction is used to implement decisions, convey goals and policies, issue instructions, and provide official guidance. The correct description fits because it captures the idea of information moving from managers to subordinates to coordinate actions and ensure alignment with organizational aims. The other directions describe different flows: upward communication is from employees to managers, horizontal (or lateral) is between colleagues at the same level, and external communication is with people outside the organization such as investors or regulators.